In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange (or telephone switch) is a piece of equipment that connects phone calls. It is what makes phone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.

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The term exchange can also be used to refer to an area served by a particular switch. And more narrowly, it can refer to the first three digits of the local number.

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In the past, the first two or three digits would map to a mnemonic exchange name, e.g. 869–1234 was formerly TOwnsend 9–1234, and before that (in some localities) might have been TOWnsend 1234 (only the capital letters and numbers being dialed)...

To be at the top of your game in telecommunications it is imprtant that you get an education from a good school. Some online scools offer great programs that will keep you from having to goto class at the university.

In the early radio age, content typically included a balance of comedy, drama, news, music, news, and sports reporting. U.S. radio programmes included the most famous Hollywood talent of the day.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, television eroded the popularity of most of these type of radio shows, and by the late 1950s radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today — strongly focused on music, news and sports, though drama can still be heard, especially on the BBC...

A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks, but with the advent of cable television, satellite television and more recently digital television the cost of creating a television network has been reduced and there has been a huge increase in the number of networks with most of the newer networks catering to a small group (e.g.. CNN, CNBC, Fox News etc). Many early television networks (e.g. NBC or CBS) evolved from earlier radio networks.

In the United Kingdom the ITV network was not originally a centralized organization but a consortium of independently-owned regional companies which produced and exchanged programming in order to provide a national service. In 2004 most of these companies became part of a single company, ITV plc, although many ITV programmes are still produced at the various regional studios.

Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point (eg. CNBC), and whether the network master control has the technical and administrative capability to take over the programming of their affiliates in real-time when it deems this necessary— the most common example being breaking national news events.

In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content from all their stations and where most individual stations are therefore nothing more than large "repeater stations," the terms television network, television channel and television station have become interchangeable in everyday language, with only professionals in TV-related occupations continuing to make a difference between them, if one was ever made. This applies to most countries outside North America.

A related concept is that of a television system (not to be confused with broadcast television system), which refers to a group of television stations owned by a common entity and sharing common schedule patterns and on-air branding, but where each station in the group is considered to be independent, such as CityTV in Canada.

Television Networks: